Aluminium Heat Capacities

Aluminium Heat Capacities Aim The aim of the experiment was to determine the specific heat capacities, with uncertainties, of two different materials; for the purposes of this experiment, it was chosen to be aluminium Introduction Specific heat capacity is defined as the quantity of heat energy, which will raise the temperature of unit mass (1kg) of a substance by 1K. It is usually denoted by c and expressed in J/(kg.K). (Joule per kilogram Kelvin). So, what is the relationship between heat and temperature? It is usually expressed ΆQ = m c ΆT Heat energy = mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change, (c) being the specific heat capacity. The relationship will not happen if there is a phase change due to heat either being added or removed, does not change the temperature ΆQ to the change of temperature ΆT is given by: ΆQ = m c ΆT Where ΆQ = the change in heat energy. is the enthalpy, m = the mass c = specific heat capacity ΆT = the change of temperature. Unit: Jkg-1K-1. High specific capacities occur in substance that take a lot of heat energy and therefore have a long time to heat or cool down. The specific heat capacity of the sea is much greater than the land, so therefore more heat energy will be needed to heat it up by the same amount as the land. From the relationship: mass x specific thermal capacity x temperature / time = current (amps) x p.d. (volts) .The ratio temperature rise or time can be gotten from the graph slope of temperature which was plotted against time and this is how thermal capacity can be met. Hypothesis Can the chosen method of investigation produce a reliable value for the specific heat capacity of a metal block? Method Apparatus: Calibrated thermometer power pack, Stop clock, Voltmeter Leads, Balance (up to 1kg), Ammeter, Immersion heater Test metals Heat proof matt and lagging The immersion heater was connected to the power pack, which was set to 10V. The voltmeter and ammeter were set up so that they measured the potential difference and current going through the heater. Next the mass of the sample was recorded using the balance and the immersion heater was placed in the test sample, followed by the thermometer and an initial temperature reading. Simultaneously the power pack was turned on and the stop clock started, and the heater was left to run for two minutes prior to the first recording. Recordings were taken from the voltmeter and ammeter every minute for a total of 15 intervals. The collected data was gathered into a table with the following headings: Following this the data was used to produce a graph of energy against temperature difference, from which the specific heat capacity can be determined. Original mass: 987.8g x-axis Original temperature, T1: 20oC Y-axis Temperature, T2 Temperature change, T2-T1 Voltmeter, V Ammeter, A Time, s Energy, J 26 6 11.16 4.15 120 5557.68 27 7 11.18 4.12 180 8291.09 30 10 11.17 4.16 240 11152.13 33.5 13.5 11,16 4.15 300 13894.20 37 17 11.13 4.18 360 16748.42 40 20 11.13 4.19 420 19586.57 43 23 11.14 4.20 480 22458.24 46.5 26.5 11.13 4.22 540 25363.04 49.5 29.5 11.15 4.21 600 28164.90 52.5 32.5 11.15 4.21 660 30981.39 55.5 35.5 11.13 4.23 720 33897.53 58.5 38.5 11.12 4.23 780 36689.33 62 42 11.13 4.23 840 39547.12 64.5 44.5 11.12 4.24 900 42433.92 67.5 47.5 11.11 4.22 960 45008.83 70.5 50.5 11.11 4.24 1020 48048.53 Results Table 1: See graph 3 for a plot of Energy, Q against the temperature difference, T. From this graph the gradient will be determined and the specific heat capacity for the metal found. Gradient of graph 3: units: units: Specific heat capacity of the metal: units: units: Conclusion The hypothesis of Can the chosen method of investigation produce a reliable value for the specific heat capacity of a metal block? has been met ,more will be said and evaluated below. Evaluation   Ã‚   Accuracy can be improved by the method of conducting several iterations of the experiment to gather enough information to produce a mean value for the specific heat capacity. Furthermore, the temperature was recorded using a liquid in glass thermometer with an accuracy of +/- 0.5 this lead to percentage errors in the temperature readings ranging from 2.5%- from In order to reduce these errors future experiments will be carried out using more accurate thermometer.   

Education in the UAE Essay

Modern educational system of the UAE, which was introduced in the beginning of the 1970s, comprises a number of private and governmental educational establishments available both for male and female students. It has 4 academic levels, including primary, preparatory, secondary and higher education. The first three levels are compulsory. Governmental schools, colleges and universities are opened for the students to study for free. Currently, about 40% of educational establishments in the UAE are private (The US Department of State, 2007). The development of the country’s educational system started in the early 1900s, when a lot of engineering schools and colleges were opened throughout the country, including the Taimia Mahmoudia (opened in 1907), Al Ahmadia (1912), Al Otaiba (1930), Al Qassemia (1935) and many others. By the early 1950s, Al Qassemia became the first systematical school, where students were provided with organized curriculum and a system of exams, and it was the first educational establishment to launch school diplomas. In 1971, when the Emirates were united and the Ministry of Education was established, the modern era of education in the UAE has started. Several important educational reformations were implemented and a series of universities were established, including UAE University (1976), Higher Colleges of Technology (1988), Zayid University (1998) and others. In 2003, the first international education zone was opened in Dubai, which is currently a center of the country’s e-learning, development and research. According to the US Department of State, 25% of total federal spending is directed to education (The US Department of State, 2007). As a part of the governmental plan â€Å"Education 2020†, since the beginning of the century such important structural changes took place in education, as enhancement of elementary school curriculum, introducing new English language programs, launching innovative teaching techniques focused on self-learning, opening new up-to-date educational facilities and so on. References Taboor, A. A. (2008, February 28). History of Education. The Ministry of Education. Retrieved November 27, 2008, from: . The US Department of State. (2007). United Arab Emirates country profile. Library of Congress. Federal Research Division. Retrieved November 27, 2008, from: .

Musical Description Of The Concert - 912 Words

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Oskar Schindler s Death Of The Jewish Ghetto - 2366 Words

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