Aluminium Heat Capacities

Aluminium Heat Capacities Aim The aim of the experiment was to determine the specific heat capacities, with uncertainties, of two different materials; for the purposes of this experiment, it was chosen to be aluminium Introduction Specific heat capacity is defined as the quantity of heat energy, which will raise the temperature of unit mass (1kg) of a substance by 1K. It is usually denoted by c and expressed in J/(kg.K). (Joule per kilogram Kelvin). So, what is the relationship between heat and temperature? It is usually expressed ΆQ = m c ΆT Heat energy = mass x specific heat capacity x temperature change, (c) being the specific heat capacity. The relationship will not happen if there is a phase change due to heat either being added or removed, does not change the temperature ΆQ to the change of temperature ΆT is given by: ΆQ = m c ΆT Where ΆQ = the change in heat energy. is the enthalpy, m = the mass c = specific heat capacity ΆT = the change of temperature. Unit: Jkg-1K-1. High specific capacities occur in substance that take a lot of heat energy and therefore have a long time to heat or cool down. The specific heat capacity of the sea is much greater than the land, so therefore more heat energy will be needed to heat it up by the same amount as the land. From the relationship: mass x specific thermal capacity x temperature / time = current (amps) x p.d. (volts) .The ratio temperature rise or time can be gotten from the graph slope of temperature which was plotted against time and this is how thermal capacity can be met. Hypothesis Can the chosen method of investigation produce a reliable value for the specific heat capacity of a metal block? Method Apparatus: Calibrated thermometer power pack, Stop clock, Voltmeter Leads, Balance (up to 1kg), Ammeter, Immersion heater Test metals Heat proof matt and lagging The immersion heater was connected to the power pack, which was set to 10V. The voltmeter and ammeter were set up so that they measured the potential difference and current going through the heater. Next the mass of the sample was recorded using the balance and the immersion heater was placed in the test sample, followed by the thermometer and an initial temperature reading. Simultaneously the power pack was turned on and the stop clock started, and the heater was left to run for two minutes prior to the first recording. Recordings were taken from the voltmeter and ammeter every minute for a total of 15 intervals. The collected data was gathered into a table with the following headings: Following this the data was used to produce a graph of energy against temperature difference, from which the specific heat capacity can be determined. Original mass: 987.8g x-axis Original temperature, T1: 20oC Y-axis Temperature, T2 Temperature change, T2-T1 Voltmeter, V Ammeter, A Time, s Energy, J 26 6 11.16 4.15 120 5557.68 27 7 11.18 4.12 180 8291.09 30 10 11.17 4.16 240 11152.13 33.5 13.5 11,16 4.15 300 13894.20 37 17 11.13 4.18 360 16748.42 40 20 11.13 4.19 420 19586.57 43 23 11.14 4.20 480 22458.24 46.5 26.5 11.13 4.22 540 25363.04 49.5 29.5 11.15 4.21 600 28164.90 52.5 32.5 11.15 4.21 660 30981.39 55.5 35.5 11.13 4.23 720 33897.53 58.5 38.5 11.12 4.23 780 36689.33 62 42 11.13 4.23 840 39547.12 64.5 44.5 11.12 4.24 900 42433.92 67.5 47.5 11.11 4.22 960 45008.83 70.5 50.5 11.11 4.24 1020 48048.53 Results Table 1: See graph 3 for a plot of Energy, Q against the temperature difference, T. From this graph the gradient will be determined and the specific heat capacity for the metal found. Gradient of graph 3: units: units: Specific heat capacity of the metal: units: units: Conclusion The hypothesis of Can the chosen method of investigation produce a reliable value for the specific heat capacity of a metal block? has been met ,more will be said and evaluated below. Evaluation   Ã‚   Accuracy can be improved by the method of conducting several iterations of the experiment to gather enough information to produce a mean value for the specific heat capacity. Furthermore, the temperature was recorded using a liquid in glass thermometer with an accuracy of +/- 0.5 this lead to percentage errors in the temperature readings ranging from 2.5%- from In order to reduce these errors future experiments will be carried out using more accurate thermometer.   

Education in the UAE Essay

Modern educational system of the UAE, which was introduced in the beginning of the 1970s, comprises a number of private and governmental educational establishments available both for male and female students. It has 4 academic levels, including primary, preparatory, secondary and higher education. The first three levels are compulsory. Governmental schools, colleges and universities are opened for the students to study for free. Currently, about 40% of educational establishments in the UAE are private (The US Department of State, 2007). The development of the country’s educational system started in the early 1900s, when a lot of engineering schools and colleges were opened throughout the country, including the Taimia Mahmoudia (opened in 1907), Al Ahmadia (1912), Al Otaiba (1930), Al Qassemia (1935) and many others. By the early 1950s, Al Qassemia became the first systematical school, where students were provided with organized curriculum and a system of exams, and it was the first educational establishment to launch school diplomas. In 1971, when the Emirates were united and the Ministry of Education was established, the modern era of education in the UAE has started. Several important educational reformations were implemented and a series of universities were established, including UAE University (1976), Higher Colleges of Technology (1988), Zayid University (1998) and others. In 2003, the first international education zone was opened in Dubai, which is currently a center of the country’s e-learning, development and research. According to the US Department of State, 25% of total federal spending is directed to education (The US Department of State, 2007). As a part of the governmental plan â€Å"Education 2020†, since the beginning of the century such important structural changes took place in education, as enhancement of elementary school curriculum, introducing new English language programs, launching innovative teaching techniques focused on self-learning, opening new up-to-date educational facilities and so on. References Taboor, A. A. (2008, February 28). History of Education. The Ministry of Education. Retrieved November 27, 2008, from: . The US Department of State. (2007). United Arab Emirates country profile. Library of Congress. Federal Research Division. Retrieved November 27, 2008, from: .

Musical Description Of The Concert - 912 Words

2. Introduction / description of the concert experience as a whole This piano and violin concert happens to be the only classical concert I have attended. Upon walking in the atmosphere in the hall was much different than other concerts I have attended in the past. Though the buying the tickets online was the same, the attire of people at the event was much different, people dressed up in casual formal wear. Additionally, there was a list containing names unlike just bringing a ticket. Once I entered the hall, I seated myself near the back to be able to observe the crowd and performers. Sitting alone was probably the best choice as to not get distracted. Before the concert people were chatting softly and once the performers began a hush fell over the crowd. Luckily, the crowd showed respect and no problems occurred. The performers set up in the middle of the stage; the position of the violinist is in front and to the right of the pianist, so that both performers could be seen. Befor e each piece started the violinist would give a brief description of the composer and he named the songs in the brochure. Between movements, I registered a slight pause, whereas a shift between major multi-pieces resulted in a bowing of the performers before the audience and a brief description. Prior to the concert beginning, we were told the proper ways to behave as an audience and when it was acceptable to clap. The latter information was new to me; therefore, I was grateful that theyShow MoreRelatedConcert Critique954 Words   |  4 PagesMUS 110CL Concert Critique Guidelines and Rubric After either attending a live concert or watching a full length concert online, write a critique of the performance following the format below. 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ThisRead MoreBand Program Essay1166 Words   |  5 PagesFreshman Band- Freshman is included in my curriculum because this allows the directors focus on the development of 9th grade students understanding of music and fundamentals. Skill ranges will vary but those that are â€Å"rising stars† will be placed in musical leadership positions that they may not obtain if they were in the upper level ensembles. †¢ Symphonic Winds- Symphonic Winds is included in the curriculum as a second band to further develop student’s ensemble abilities and technique beyond thatRead MoreMy First Classical Musical Concert At Brooklyn College926 Words   |  4 PagesOn April 13, 2016 I attended my first classical musical concert at Brooklyn College called â€Å"The Music for Strings 1†. The concert had various well known artists and amazing pieces which made it a hard decision to choose between. The music piece I chose is â€Å"Partita for Violin No. 2 in D minor, BWV1004, Verse Chaconne†, composed by Johann Sebastian Bach. The student who performed this piece, Sainatee Suarez, did an amazing job and kept me listening the whole time! Not much is known about Bach’s privateRead MoreThe Concert Hall At The University Of Evansville Hushed1743 Words   |  7 PagesWheeler Concert Hall at the University of Evansville hushed as the conductor tapped his baton on the music stand in front of him. Raising both hands in the air, scanning the performers of the orchestra to make sure everyone had their instruments in place and appeared ready, he took a quick breath to cue the orchestra to start playing. Out of the many concerts that I have attended throughout my lifetime, especially since becoming a music student studying music, this particular concert was differentRead MoreEssay Favorite Instrument1474 Words   |  6 Pagesthe way to the largest, which is 6-1/2 feet tall (called the contrabass). 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The concert I went to was part of a non-profit organization called Downtown Music at Grace in White Plains, New York. I was able to talk to the founder and artistic director of Downtown Music at Grace, Timothy Lewis when I attended the concert.7 He told me that the organizationsRead More The Influence of The Impressionist Era Essay1015 Words   |  5 PagesImpressionist Era Impressionism, one of the later eras in classical music composition. An era where emotions are expressed vividly while still following musical structure, where music caused much political controversy, and where France became known for its musical talent. In this essay you will read of how impressionism set a lasting mark in musical and national histories, and how it influenced modern music as we know it. The Impressionist Era all started with Claude Debussy, being tired of the

Oskar Schindler s Death Of The Jewish Ghetto - 2366 Words

Many words can be used to describe Oskar Schindler; partier, alcoholic, womanizer, etc, but the most unlikely word that can be used is savior, which he proved to be in the 1940s. Schindler was definitely a sinner, but he did the unthinkable at the time, â€Å"He [Schindler] was no saint. And yet, the same man would prove to have depths of courage and humanity rare at any time-even rarer during the time in which he lived.† (Roberts, pg. 6). During the grueling years of the Holocaust and World War II, Oskar Schindler proved that love and kindness still existed by rescuing over 1,000 Jewish residents of Krakow, Poland. By doing this alone, the Nazis would have killed him because at that time, it was even illegal to be touching a Jew, let alone saving them. One major factor that led to the saving of the Jews was the liquidation of the Krakow Jewish Ghetto, â€Å"Schindler witnessed a few hours of beastiality with which the liquidation [of Krakow] was executed. The horror of what he saw undoubtedly played a role in his indignation and his unfailing and compassion with the persecuted [Jews].† (Thompson. pg. 138). After the invasion of Poland, the Nazis set up several ghettos around the country, one of which was in Krakow, where they held Jews. Eventually these ghettos didn’t seem worthy of Adolph Hitler’s â€Å"Final Solution† so these ghettos were liquidated and thousands of it’s residents were massacred and sent to concentration camps, Schindler experienced one of these liquidations. OskarShow MoreRelatedEssay Schindlers List1736 Words   |  7 Pagesof the events that occurred during the 1940’s. It illustrates the persecution and horrific killings of the Jewish people. It also exemplifies the hope and will of the Jewish people, which undoubtedly is a factor in the survival of their race. 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Schindler saved and accommodated for around 1100 Jewish people, spending all his money to both keep Nazi officers quiet and look after the Jewish people. 2.Make a couple of short statements about each of the following terms and explainRead MoreThe Holocaust Of Schindler And Francisca Nee Luser1045 Words   |  5 PagesOskar Schindler saved thousands of Jewish people from the horrible tragedy that was the Holocaust. Some would say, at one point in Schindler s life, he was an aryan man with no financial problems whatsoever. Schindler was truly a brave man that sacrificed his life for many others. Schindler simply saved others out of the goodness from his heart. â€Å"Oskar Schindler (1908-1974) was born on April 28, 1908, in Svitavy (Zwittau), Moravia, at that time a province of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy† (HolocaustRead MoreThe Holocaust Of Schindler And Francisca Nee Luser1045 Words   |  5 PagesOskar Schindler saved thousands of Jewish people from the horrible tragedy that was the Holocaust. Some would say, at one point in Schindler s life, he was an aryan man with no financial problems whatsoever. Schindler was tru ly a brave man that sacrificed his life for many others. Schindler simply saved others out of the goodness from his heart. â€Å"Oskar Schindler (1908-1974) was born on April 28, 1908, in Svitavy (Zwittau), Moravia, at that time a province of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy† (HolocaustRead MoreOskar Schindler And The Nazi Party1447 Words   |  6 PagesThe novel begins with some backstory on Schindler and describes how he arrived in Germany and occupied Poland for business pursuits. He grew up the son of a businessman and a Catholic mother in the German-speaking area of Czechoslovakia. He married young at age 20, but ignored his wife due to the amount of time he invested in his work and his social lifestyle. Oskar was not much of a political man, but initially supported the Nazi party and their endeavor to seize Poland, providing him with new businessRead MoreSchindlers List Essay1473 Words   |  6 PagesSix million Jewish residents of Eastern Europe were exterminated durin g the Holocaust of the 1940’s. Families were taken out of their homes and put into ghettos, which were large prison type establishments that housed dozens of people in one small apartment. They were then separated from their families, men to the left and women to the right, and were placed in concentration camps, where most of them were killed and cremated. In 1993, Steven Spielberg directed a film, Schindler’s List, which depictedRead MoreSchindler s Morals And The Holocaust955 Words   |  4 Pages 1. Throughout the film, Oskar Schindler s morals changed as the film progressed, he transformed into caring person from an acquisitive person. Schindler is a flawed person. In the beginning of the film, Schindler s sole purpose was to make a profit of the war by hiring Jewish people and using the Jewish people s wealth to create the company. However, as Schindler s relationship with Itzhak Stern progressed and witnessing the violence towards the Jews, he started to reconsider his actions. ForRead More Schindlers list Essay672 Words   |  3 Pages Oscar Schindler Oskar Schindler would never have been anyone’s ideal savior, especially for the Jewish community. He was an open member of the Nazi party, a womanizer, a gambler, an alcoholic, and was extremely money hungry, but was successfully able to rescue and save from death over twelve hundred Jewish men and women. Schindler was born on April 28th, 1908 in Zwittua, Czechoslavakia. He was born Catholic and into a wealthy family, but started early on a life of sin. In 1930 he moved to PolandRead MoreJews : A Religious Group Of People Originating From Israel1721 Words   |  7 PagesJews were looked upon as â€Å"allied with Muslims† and many were killed (Shyovitz). Consequently, their lives were completely changed, and they were forced to live in closed communities, known as ghettos, without interacting with the outside world, but under strict regulations from the German authorities. Jewish isolation led to a greater increase of their religious background and, therefore, even grea ter persecution. In the seventeenth century, rulers of the European kingdoms valued the Jews becauseRead MoreAmon Leopold Goeth And The Nazi Party1225 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Jews from the Ghettos in Poland to three death camps: Treblinka, Sobibor and Belzec, all of which were in eastern Poland. Goeth s first task was supervise The liquidation of several of the small ghettos in Lublin. The Jewish ghettos in Lublin were the first to be liquidated and some of the Jews From Lublin were the first to be sent to the Belzec extermination camp during Operation Reinhard, which marked the beginning of the Final Solution of the Jewish Question in Europe

Educational Paradigms in Our Schools - 1320 Words

Introduction During the April teaching practice, I have made observations as to whether educational paradigms exist in our schools and how are they implemented and how are they also effective in producing competent people later in life. Paradigms play a huge role in our schools in many various ways. Pupils acquire knowledge through different paradigms. .In this journal we take you through different paradigms that were observed during the practice teaching. We are going to look at what a paradigm is, why is it important for educators to be aware of paradigms and know them, and observations made and critical commentary. Definition of a paradigm A paradigm is a standard, perspective, or set of ideas. A paradigm is a way of looking at something. It is a new way of looking or thinking about something is needed or something needs to be changed. The word comes up a lot in the academic, scientific, and business worlds. A new paradigm in business could mean a new way of reaching customers and making money. In education, transmitting on lectures is a paradigm: if you rapidly shift to group work that is a new paradigm. When changing paradigms, youre changing how you think about something. Observations and critical commentary Constructivism During the practice, I have identified a few paradigms in the school. For instance, in the Life sciences class that; I observed learner’s formed small groups of four and discussed a problem in DNA replication. 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Sometimes, all it takes is the blink of an eye to notice that it is time for a change. Suddenly, but not fast enough we embraced this concept in our school systems with regard to counselors. Our minds flowed from treating them as an extensionRead MoreEffects Of Divorce On The United States1272 Words   |  6 Pagespresented in this paper is collected from reviews of different journals, empirical articles, and scholarly websites. To begin with, divorce can fit under the social functionalist paradigm. This paradigm focuses on society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. This paradigm is a macro function, meaning it looks at large-scale patterns of society to shape society as a whole. 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D. degree, and over 20 years as a member of the faculty at Stanford can be summed up in one word: care. She writes of it, speaks about it, and practices it. What does Noddings meanRead MoreEssay on No Child Left Behind Program1154 Words   |  5 PagesMost educators and parents would desire an educational system where all students receive a balanced education that will afford all students the ability to compete in our ever changing society. This desire is great among students who live in economically challenged environments and those who attend poor schools. These students are at most risk of receiving a a proper education. This is partly due to lack of funding, and the inability for those poor schools to afford highly qualified teachers. MuchRead MoreA Balanced and Affordable Education for All669 Words   |  3 Pagesdesire an educational system where all students receive a balanced education that will afford all students the ability to compete in our ever changing society. Students who live in low-income environments and attend poor school are at the highest risk of not being properly educated. This is partly due to lack of fund ing for schools in economically challenged environments, and the inability for those poor schools to afford highly qualified teachers. Much controversy stems from poor schools not beingRead MoreThe Effects Of Modern Media On Us1046 Words   |  5 PagesEverything in our society impacts us in one way or another; these influences can either be positive or negative. For example, when we see something good happen to others around us we tend to be in a happier mood and when something tragic happens to our country, such as what happened in 9/11, we can’t help but mourn. We never notice how the small things in life could influence us in big ways. 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There is no doubt that technology holds great potential for improving the way that people learn and ready or not, technology is affecting education. Educational Technology Ever since the integration of educational technology there has been a dramatic shift in most of the paradigms on which traditional learning exists. The concept of incorporating

Pardoners Tale Free Essays

Ms. Montanino English 4 CP January 28, 2013 â€Å"The Pardoner’s Tale† Geoffrey Chaucer’s â€Å"The Pardoner’s Tale† discusses the story of three rioters. From the start he introduces us to the men just drinking throughout the day. We will write a custom essay sample on Pardoners Tale or any similar topic only for you Order Now He talks about how they should be aware of this serial killer called ‘Death’, but the men show great pride in not caring and deciding to go after him. In the end they are distracted by money, which leads to darker consequences. Therefore, â€Å"The Pardoner’s Tale† clearly warn readers that committing one of the seven deadly sins, inevitably, leads to committing more of them. Chaucer first examines this idea when portraying the drunken rioter’s reaction to the adamant warning they receive concerning the murderer Death. Chaucer writes â€Å"’Is he so fierce to meet? I’ll search for him, by Jesus street†¦ And we will kill traitor Death, I say†¦ God’s dignity! Tonight! ’† (Chaucer L18-21). In consciously dismissing the warning and actually pleading revenge against this dangerous killer, the rioters reveal the sin of showing great pride that they can take down this killer who has reportedly killed so many. It is obvious that their lack of humility makes them feel like they are so strong that it blinds them to their own potential danger. In addition to the sin the rioters have first committed, they commit another when they unfairly disrespect an old man. Chaucer states, â€Å"’ What, old fool? Give place! Why are you all wrapped up except your face? Why live so long? Isn’t it time to die? ’† (Chaucer L137-139). With this being said to the old man it is obvious they are showing an addition to having great pride because he is putting himself before his elder. In addition, he shows great wrath when he could have just kept his composure with the old man. Moreover, Chaucer examines more closely about how adamant the men are to finding Death by stating â€Å"† I heard you mention, just a moment gone, a certain traitor Death who singles out and kills the fine young fellows hereabout†¦ Say where he is or you shall pay for it ‘† (Chaucer L174-178). With the men showing a great amount of diligence and even taking it a step further and threatening the old man they obviously only have one thing on their mind; Death. Upon the arrival of the destination given by the old man to find the killer Death, the men are greatly distracted by a seemingly large amount of bushels of coins! Chaucer writes â€Å"’ If one could only get the gold away, back to my house, or else to yours, perhaps. For as you know, the gold is ours, chaps ‘† (Chaucer L206-208). It is obvious they have a devious plan in mind for the coins by keeping it for themselves, but coming up with a strategic plan so they don’t appear as robbers to their townspeople. ’ The one who draws the longest, lucky man, shall run to town as quickly as he can to fetch us bread and wine†¦ While two remain hiding here to mark our heap of treasure ‘†(Chaucer L215-221). The men are clearly guilty of gluttony for wanting to indulge in more wine even though they have been drinking from the beginning of the day. In continuation with the bogus plan of equally splitting the money, Chaucer lets us in on another id ea the rioters have in mind by writing â€Å"’ You know our friend has gone to get supplies and here’s a lot of gold that is to be divided equally amongst us three. Nevertheless, if I could shape things thus so that we shared it out – the two of us†¦ ‘† (Chaucer L232-236). The men are yet again guilty of another sin, which is greed. They don’t seem to be happy enough after finding a large sum of money already. Instead they show credence in wanting to spend the bushels of money on gambling and gratifying their lust after they carry out the plan of killing the rioter who went to get drinks. Their lack of chastity is clearly overturned by the coins they have found. In the same fashion the third rioter has plans of having the money all to him as well. â€Å"Our common enemy, was given power to put it in his thought, and that with poison he could kill his friends† (Chaucer L257-259). It is evident that maybe all the men show the sin of being envious towards one another. For they all have gained money now, but are greedy in wanting it all, but more envious in the fact that they found it together so they think they would have to share it equally. But, they obviously don’t want it equally which is why they have all hatched plans on killing for the money. In conclusion, Geoffrey Chaucer’s â€Å"The Pardoner’s Tale† begins by revealing the start of one of all the seven deadly sins and how they all fall into place after one sin is committed. All three rioters are killed at the hands of one another. They followed out the plan of stabbing the rioter who went to fetch drinks, and the youngest rioter put his plan in to action by poising the drinks that the other men ended up drinking. The story clearly warns readers that if you commit one sin it will inevitably lead to committing more. Instead of giving into the vices of the sins people should do the opposite by following the virtues. How to cite Pardoners Tale, Essay examples

Opportunity and Threat of Airasia free essay sample

In a country of a billion people, the Indonesian aviation industry is puny. Indonesia have 12 million people who travel by air every year against 3 million passengers who fly everyday in the US, even though its population is one-fourth that of Indonesia. Even if we assumed that only one-fourth of that large middle-class could afford and would be willing to travel by air, it would call for at least a 5-6-fold increase in capacity. This points to a huge opportunity for AirAsia and the aviation industry in general. However, this large market is recognized by all and is the reason why new players are waiting to enter the Industry to exploit this potential. It is pertinent to note that the number of air travelers in Indonesia has grown during the last there of 2005-08 as compared to the same period last year, as per estimates of Amadeus Worldwide. Product differentiation – At present, AirAsia differentiates its no frills product by offering less features at substantially low fares. We will write a custom essay sample on Opportunity and Threat of Airasia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, this strategy will become generic with the entry of low cost carriers waiting in the wings. At that stage, low cost competition will each need to try and â€Å"be different†. Limited product differentiation is an opportunity, but mustbe approached with extreme caution. This has happened in the West and by trying to differentiate; some low-cost airlines also losetheir bearing and begin adding frills like assigned seating, hot meals and in-flight entertainment to attract some of the more comfort-seeking customers. But that leaves themexposed to being undercut by a new competitor who focuses exclusively on price. Anything(like frills) that adds costs and reduces price competitiveness is a bad trade-off. gt;gt; THREAT *Skiller competition *– The Asia Region skies are witnessing a bloody battle for market shares. A much anticipated fare war has broken out across Asia Region skies. AirAsia is still a gowing airline company, but a medium-big player in the Asia Region skies. They are vulnerable to price cuts by large-existing players with deep pockets. Aviation expert s are betting could start a debilitating price war to push the fledgling no frills airlines off the tarmac permanently. Oil price fluctuations – Oil price hikes spare no airline. Aviation turbine fuel (ATF) cost andother operational costs (all government controlled) are the same for all airlines, whether it is alow cost airline or not. This adds significantly to costs of carriers like AirAsia, especially since fuel costs as a percentage of total costs are higher at 26% for low cost airlines, compared to 20% for full service airlines. Overcapacity – Aircraft manufacturers continue to build and deliver new aircraft, adding new capacity. In off peak periods and on certain routes, this leads to overcapacity problems. Overcapacity fuels an imminent price war in the hope of filling empty seats. Worldwide, overcapacity pressures have at times lowered ticket prices to unreasonable levels, erodingbottom lines and acting as a threat. Diminishing yields per passenger Overall, industry-wide demand for air travel in Asia Region has increased, but fares (average per flight) have not. Although more passengers are flying, they are paying less to do so. Not only are full service airlines collecting less fare revenue from the passengers they fly, they are also flying fewer passengers than they used to. Low-cost airlines are flying more passengers at lower prices. Controlling costs and maintaining cost differentiation is absolutely critical to overcome this threat. Open skies policy – The opening up Asia Region skies to foreign carriers is being debated at great length by the Regional Government. Should this happen, there will be an influx of global players in the Regional market. Their long years of experience in markets abroad and financial strength will be a threat to AirAsia. Poor Airport Infrastructure – Airlines like AirAsia can buy more airplanes and put them in the air. But how do they take the aircraft and people through the terminals? There are notenough gates, not enough counter space, not enough parking bays. Lack of secondary airport infrastructure In Europe as well as the US, low-cost airlineshave one more way to shave off costs but one that is a source of cost advantage unavailableto AirAsia or its followers for some time to come. Abroad, low cost airlines avoid flying into mainland airports and, therefore, dont incur high parking and landing fees.